Buffering system
| Useful buffering
range @ 25°C
|
Hydrochloric acid/ Potassium chloride | 1.0 - 2.2
|
Glycine/ Hydrochloric acid | 2.2 - 3.6 |
Potassium hydrogen phthalate/ Hydrochloric acid | 2.2 -
4.0 |
Citric acid/ Sodium citrate | 3.0 - 6.2 |
Sodium acetate/ Acetic acid | 3.7 - 5.6 |
Potassium hydrogen phtaalate/ Sodium hydroxide | 4.1 -
5.9 |
Disodium hydrogen phthalate / Sodium dihydrogen orthophospate
| 5.8 - 8.0 |
Dipotassium hydrogen phthalate / Potassium dihydrogen
orthophospate | 5.8 - 8.0 |
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate / sodium hydroxide
| 5.8 - 8.00 |
Barbitone sodium / Hydrochloric acid | 6.8 - 9.6
|
Tris (hydroxylmethyl) aminomethane / Hydrochloric acid
| 7.0 - 9.00 |
Sodium tetraborate/ Hydrochloric acid | 8.1 - 9.2
|
Glycine/ Sodium hydroxide | 8.6 - 10.6 |
Sodium carbonate/ Sodium hydrogen carbonate | 9.2 - 10.8
|
Sodium tetraborate/ Sodium hydroxide | 9.3 - 10.7
|
Sodium bicarbonate / Sodium hydroxide | 9.60 - 11.0
|
Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate / Sodium hydroxide | 11.0
- 11.9 |
Potassium chloride/ Sodium hydroxide | 12.0 - 13.0
|
Buffer F: pH 8.0 - 9.10 |
Buffer G : pH 9.2 - 10.80 |
Buffer H : pH 9.60 - 11.00 |
Buffer I : pH 10.90 - 12.00 |
Buffer J : pH 12.00 - 13.00 |
100 mL 0.025 M Na2B4O7.10H2O (borax) + mls of 0.1 M HCl.
|
100 mL 0.025 M Na2B4O7.10H2O (borax) + mls of 0.1 M
NaOH.
|
100 mL 0.05 M NaHCO3 + mls of 0.1 M NaOH. |
100 mL 0.05 M Na2HPO4 + mls of 0.1 M NaOH.
|
50 mL 0.2 M KCl + volume indicated (in mL) 0.2 M NaOH.
|
pH |
mls of 0.1M HCl
added |
pH |
mls of 0.1M NaOH
added |
pH |
mls of 0.1M NaOH
added |
pH |
mls of 0.1M NaOH
added |
pH |
mls of 0.2M NaOH
added |
8.00 |
41.0 |
9.20 |
1.8 |
9.60 |
10.0 |
10.90 |
6.6 |
12.00 |
12.0 |
8.10 |
39.4 |
9.30 |
7.2 |
9.70 |
12.4 |
11.00 |
8.2 |
12.10 |
16.0 |
8.20 |
37.6 |
9.40 |
12.4 |
9.80 |
15.2 |
11.10 |
10.2 |
12.20 |
20.4 |
8.30 |
35.4 |
9.50 |
17.6 |
9.90 |
18.2 |
11.20 |
12.6 |
12.30 |
25.6 |
8.40 |
33.2 |
9.60 |
22.2 |
10.00 |
21.4 |
11.30 |
15.2 |
12.40 |
32.4 |
8.50 |
30.4 |
9.70 |
26.2 |
10.10 |
24.4 |
11.40 |
18.2 |
12.50 |
40.8 |
8.60 |
27.0 |
9.80 |
30.0 |
10.20 |
27.6 |
11.50 |
22.2 |
12.60 |
51.2 |
8.70 |
23.2 |
9.90 |
33.4 |
10.30 |
30.4 |
11.60 |
27.0 |
12.70 |
64.4 |
8.80 |
19.2 |
10.00 |
36.6 |
10.40 |
33.0 |
11.70 |
32.4 |
12.80 |
82.4 |
8.90 |
14.2 |
10.10 |
39.0 |
10.50 |
35.6 |
11.80 |
38.8 |
12.90 |
106.0 |
9.00 |
9.2 |
10.20 |
41.0 |
10.60 |
38.2 |
11.90 |
46.0 |
13.00 |
132.0 |
9.10 |
4.0 |
10.30 |
42.6 |
10.70 |
40.4 |
12.00 |
53.8 |
|
|
|
|
10.40 |
44.2 |
10.80 |
42.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.50 |
45.4 |
10.90 |
44.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.60 |
46.6 |
11.00 |
45.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.70 |
47.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.80 |
48.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|